A Final Sacrifice Captain Mbaye Diagne - 1271 Words

Instinct often dictates action, overriding any forethought or humanity. One of the most primitive, yet profound instincts is the survival instinct. Self preservation is deeply ingrained into nearly every aspect of life, including the lives of present day people. Thus, diverging from this most innate way of life in favor of saving the life of another is an extremely noteworthy action. The Holocaust is an example of a time in history where preservation often took priority because of its vicious nature. History was repeated in 1994, when decades after the Holocaust, terror, disaster and ugliness surrounded the people of the Rwandan genocide after Hutu forces began the mass killings of the Tutsi people. The predicted response to an ugly time†¦show more content†¦Nonetheless, often his charismatic demeanor was sufficient. On one occasion, Diagne had been traveling with journalist Mark Doyle to an orphanage in Nyamirambo, a dangerous Kigali neighborhood, when they were stopped at a militia roadblock (Doyle; Barker). A member of the militia craned his head through the window of Diagne’s vehicle, while waving a Chinese stick grenade, and demanded to know if Doyle was Belgian. At the time, Belgians were considered to be in support of the rebels, and therefore, a threat to the Hutus (Gregory, Doyle and Faye). To diffuse the situation, Diagne used humor to disway the volatile militiaman. According to Mark Doyle, he joked, â€Å"‘I’m the only Belgian in this car. See? Black Belgian!† (Doyle; Gregory, Doyle and Faye). The man was visibly caught off guard and Diagne and Doyle were able to successfully pass (Gregory, Doyle and Faye). Though many of his actions revolved around roadblocks and evading the Hutu militia, Diagne indiscriminately saved the lives of countless people in countless circumstances. It is estimated that at least 400 people owed their lives to Diagne, however he may have saved as many as 1,000 people from the dark trials of the genocide around them (Doyle). The actions taken by Diagne proved to be exceptional when he was faced with the barriers of various countries and the United Nations. All odds were against Diagne’s ability and willingness to act in the

Neighborhoods And Violent Crime A Multilevel Study Of...

Neighborhoods and Violent Crime: A Multilevel study of Collective Efficacy Research Question The authors hypothesized in their study that concentrated disadvantage would decrease and residential stability would increase the collective efficacy of a neighborhood. In the study, concentrated disadvantage and residential stability were examined to determine if there is a relationship with interpersonal violence. It was also hypothesized that collective efficacy has some sort of an effect on neighborhood stratification (Sampson et al., 1997). In-depth examination of the data The study examined data from the Project on Human Development in Chicago Neighborhoods (PHDCN). They created 847 census tracts to create 343 neighborhood clusters. The†¦show more content†¦Measures There were several measures used in this study. One was informal social control. This was measured using a five-point Likert scale. â€Å"Residents were asked about the likelihood (‘would you say it is very likely, likely, neither likely nor unlikely, unlikely, or very unlikely’) that their neighbors could be counted on to intervene in various ways if (i) children were skipping school and hanging out on a corner, (ii) children were spray-painting graffiti on a local building, (iii) children were showing disrespect to an adult, (iv) a fight broke out in front of their house, and (v) the fire station closes to their home was threatened with budget cuts† (Sampson et al., 1997, 919-920). The second is social cohesion and trust. Social cohesion and trust was measured by a five-point Likert scale as well. They were asked how strongly they agree to the following statements: â€Å"people around here are willing to help their neighbors, this a close knit neighborhood, people in this neighborhood can be trusted, people in the neighborhood generally don’t get along with each other and people in this neighborhood don’t share the same values† (Sampson et al., 1997, 920). Violence was also measured. Violence was measured in three ways. The first was asking the residents how often certain situations occur in the neighborhood. Examples include a fight when a person used a weapon or if a violent argument occurred between neighbors. The second way is personal victimization. The

Methodical Reflection Nursing and Health Care

Questions: 1. Make a comparative discussion of the five overall study design (research designs). Give examples of suitable data collection methods for each of the five study design.2. Explain the goals variance and standard deviation and discuss how they are used in the quantitative method. Answers: 1.The research design refers to the overall approach adopted by the researcher to carry out the research study. In order to carry out the research in an effective manner, it is considered crucial to opt for the appropriate research design. There are various research designs such as experimental design, cross-sectional design, longitudinal design, case study, and comparative design (Taylor, 2006). Depending upon the nature of research and the peculiarities of the research work, the researcher identifies appropriateness of a particular research design. The experimental design is considered appropriate when the research involves some experimental work. The experimental design provides for the plans to be drawn to collect the data and perform analysis using different variables (Taylor, 2006). It could be said that the experimental design is a layout of the overall plan drawn by the researcher. The depth and quality of analysis depends upon the experimental research design chosen by the researcher. In the experimental research design, the data is collected by the primary data collections methods namely survey or interview (Taylor, 2006). The experiments are then performed on the data collected through survey or experiments. Another more commonly used research design is the cross-sectional design. The cross-sectional research design is suited most in the case of research being conducted in the social or medical areas. In the cross-sectional research design, the data collected belongs to different groups. Further, the data collection method used in this type of research design is observations. An example of cross-sectional research study could be the study on the cancer diagnosis on the different age people (Taylor, 2006). Apart from the above, another most frequently used research design is the longitudinal design. This type of research design is considered to be suitable for the research study conducted to explore the behavior of the individuals at different stages over the time span of their life (Bryman and Bell, 2015). The longitudinal research differs from cross-sectional research in the sense that the former studies one group of individuals whilst the later studies more than one group of individuals. The data collection method used in the longitudinal research is observation. Further, case study research design is also popular. In this case, the research is conducted to study a particular case study and find out the facts based on that study. The scope of research is very limited in the case of case study research. The case study differs from other researches in terms of its scope which is narrow as compared to experimental and other quantitative researches. The data for research is collected fr om the case study itself, thus, the method of data collection would be said to be the documents review (Bryman and Bell, 2015). In addition to the above discussed research designs, there is one more popular research design namely comparative research design. The researcher adopts comparative research design when the research is being conducted to compare two variables such as culture of two countries. The data collection methods applied in case of comparative research design could be primary such as survey or secondary such as documents review. However, care is required when collecting data in comparative research that the data attributes must be comparable with each other (Bryman and Bell, 2015). 2. The variance and standard deviation are the statistical computations which are used in the quantitative researches to analyze and interpret the data. The standard deviation is computed to find that the gap in the values from the mean of those values. In other words, the standard deviation is computed to find out the dispersion of the values from the mean (Fallon, 2016). Further, the variance is also used for the same purposes for which standard deviation is used. The variance is computed by taking the square of standard deviation. The standard deviation and variance both are used in the quantitative research to establish relationships between different data values of the data set (Fallon, 2016). In analyzing the quantitative data collected through survey, interview, or document review, the standard deviation is computed (Fallon, 2016). Further, the standard deviation is also used as the measure of risk in the research studies conducted in the financial sector. In terms of return on stock, the standard deviation measures the volatility of the returns which signifies the risk. Thus, the use of standard deviation is critical in the quantitative research studies (Fallon, 2016). References Bryman, A. and Bell, E. 2015. Business Research Methods. Oxford University Press. Fallon, F. 2016. Writing up Quantitative Research in the Social and Behavioral Sciences. Springer. Taylor, B.J. 2006. Research in Nursing and Health Care: Evidence for Practice. Cengage Learning Australia.

Southwest Airlines free essay sample

In the airline industry has targeted at a distinctive market niche, in which customers want low prices and frequent departures. To achieve its goal of profitability maximization, Southwest primarily provides low fares, high frequency services, point-to-point flying, short hop flights, and high-quality Customer Service. Its low prices and no-frills approach has greatly attracted customers and enabled them to purchase flight tickets with the lowest prices among U. S. airlines. Along with its expansion and merger with AirTran, Southwest has gradually changed its strategy. Longer non-stop trips, one-stop trips and even international trips have been added to its flight schedule. It continues to be profitable with lowest cost in the industry. Overall, low price is the major part of Southwest’s strategy that brings both development and market share. External Analysis * Threats Airline industry could be affected by many factors such as general economic environment, fuel price, airline terror acts, weather conditions and air traffic restrictions. We will write a custom essay sample on Southwest Airlines or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page General economic environment has impact on the demand for travel, and therefore influences the number of flights run by Southwest. The fuel price controls the company’s costs; rising fuel price would increase the cost, and the company cannot always avoid influences of fuel price by fuel hedging. Terrorist attack incidents would both physically and psychologically affect customers and employees, which leads to a higher security cost. Weather conditions have important impact on flights as well. Bad weather conditions may delay flights, increase turnaround time, and thus mark up costs. All these potential threats are faced by Southwest Airlines. Southwest is also facing a very competitive environment with both large- and small-scale airline companies. Those companies like JetBlue, Virgin America and Spirit Airlines that have similar strategies to Southwest are the most notable competitors of Southwest. They all have low-cost and low-fare strategies that force Southwest to maintain low prices to be competitive. Airlines with international flights also threaten Southwest’s future expansion. Since Southwest has already entered international market, it needs to keep an eye on those competitors providing international flights. Another threat derives from the company would be other traffic alternatives. Because the majority of services provided by Southwest are short-haul, it is very easily challenged by surface transportations such as cars, trains and buses. Consumers who travel short distance consider so many factors as costs, convenience and safety. As a result, Southwest has to retain its safe, reliable, frequent, low-cost air transportation to compete with surface transportations. Opportunities It is mentioned in the case article that â€Å"over 100 cities have asked Southwest to begin service in their communities because of the positive impact the company has had when it began operations in a new location. † In addition, the destinations of Southwest have not been developed efficiently; still a great number of potential cities can be settled nationwide. Additionally, mergers or acquisitions could reinforce Southwest’s position in international airlines. American Airlines and US Airways are major airlines left to merge, and they both already have international flights. A merger or acquisition would reduce risks and challenges associated with joining new markets. Internal Analysis * Strengths After merger with AirTran, Southwest has more than 100 destinations including domestic major cities and foreign hubs. Southwest’s financial performance has also been impressive; it operates at profit for almost 40 years in a row. Further, Southwest has significantly effective and economical operations that minimize the turnaround time to 20 minutes or less and fly a single aircraft model-Boeing 737-which avoids unnecessary costs of training, maintenance, and inventory. Southwest has also fully taken advantages of its website and mobile applications to increase its efficiency. * Weaknesses Southwest has started to provide long haul and international flights, however its 80 percent of flights are still short-haul. Its market for long-distance trips has not been fully utilized. Lack of alliances limits Southwest’s enlargement and puts intense competitions to the company. Although it merged with AirTran in 2011, the major international hubs still need to be reached. No luggage transfer outside Southwest system would also limit the company’s flexibility. Strategic Recommendations * Retain the existed advantage: low cost * Develop more urban cities as destinations domestically * Make an alliance to exploit international flights * Improve mobile applications that enable passengers to book tickets, check in and board a flight * Continue to hedge fuels * Keep on improving turnaround time * Increase employee retention by providing continuous training program and improving management-employee relation

A Street Car Named Desire Essays

A Street Car Named Desire Essays A Street Car Named Desire Essay A Street Car Named Desire Essay Essay Topic: A Streetcar Named Desire A Streetcar Named Desire, the obsessive need to escape from reality defines the protagonist Blanched Dubos. Haunted by the fact that she incited the suicide of her young husband, Blanched is unable to cope with what has since become of her life. She relies on fables and illusions to reconstruct a more socially acceptable self. However, the antagonistic relationship between Blanched and Stanley Kowalski threatens her fantasy, as he continuously confronts her with reality and threatens to shatter the illusions others have about her. Stanley represents complete realism and Blanched is fantastical and idealistic. Thus, the interactions between the two are clearly representative of the struggle between reality and fantasy in the play. A struggle in which reality triumphs as Blanched ultimately becomes unable to differentiate between the truth and her lies. From the very beginning of the play, it is clear that the world Blanched lives in a fantasy land. A world in which her indiscretions and lack of wealth do not affect her status as an aristocratic lady. Blanche aims to cover her fading looks by covering the bulb with a paper lantern. This could be suggestive of trying to cover the truth. Blanche says that she still has a sense of vanity over her looks even though she is aware that her looks are slipping suggesting that shes insecure which would be relatable to the audience. This is significant as Blanche often lies about her age in the play and is portrayed as a compulsive liar. It presents the idea that Blanche lies to achieve the sense of security that shes missing. But when the audience learn that the dark is comforting, this implies the idea of keeping people in the dark so that she may carry on her fai ade. This all would lead the reader into perhaps forming a conclusion that you would form in fai ade in a situation where you feel like you dont comfortable in terms of the way you are, so generally construct a fai ade to fit in. However you could argue that Blanche does the opposite and this is demonstrated through the way in which she acts to be superior to others around her. Her acts of superiority are shown through small gestures and when through stage directions the audience become aware that shes Fanning herself with a palm leaf and wearing tiaras. The fact that Blanche has many different attributes makes her conceivably more real in my point of view. Through the concept and idea of vanity that Blanche shows could represent every woman, which applies even more in the 21st century where it is clear that vanity and appearance are everyday important issues. Through the way she acts by Fanning herself with a palm leaf in that scene indicates that she feels important, which is what everyone initially wants and causes the interpreter to sympathise. When she suggests that she hasnt put on one ounce in 10 years as being a huge accomplishment it evokes the interpreter to reference to magazines articles, especially womens magazines as they are obsessed with weight and their magazine strongly focuses on looking good, but for whom? Another highlighted theme in the play is male dependency. His is shown through the fact that both the main female characters in the play require a male presence to achieve happiness. It is possible that Blanche may be trying to become her sister in terms of settling down and that the relationship between Stella and Stanley makes Blanche feel pity upon herself for not having someone of her own. This could also suggest why Blanche is so intent on looking good so that she may attract male suitors. Referring to Stella also being dependant on men is made obvious by Williams because in many scenes Stanley is portrayed as physically abusive, but Stella still goes back to him. Blanche even tries to convince her that she can do better Youre not old! You can get out. But Stella still decided to stay with Stanley. From this the audience receive the impression of Stella has chosen Stanley over Blanche or Blanches idea and it could be to do with the fact that the future that Stanley represents is more secure than the one promised by Blanche. Blanche views marriage to Mitch as a means of escaping destitution. The many encounters with men, Strangers have left Blanche emotionally scared but also with a poor reputation. Blanche tries to hide this reputation as it makes her unattractive which is when Mitch finds out he rejects Blanche by saying I dont think I want to marry you no more saying that shes not Clean enough to bring home to his mother. After this failed attempt Blanche thinks of Shep Huntliegh who might rescue her. Blanche is so dependant on men that she hasnt realised the rational aspect where she is independent and learns to rescue herself. It is apparent that through the course of the play Blanches dependency on the kindness of a stranger leads to her downfall rather then salvation as it puts her fate into the hands of others. Williams could be intending to put through a moral teaching through the character of Blanche in the play; dont be too reliant. Both Blanche and Stella are symbolic of reliant/ dependant women. This could have caused strong emotional issues to be raised by feminist and women today, as there is more freedom. But historically makes sense since the feminist act didnt come around till the 1960s, so women wouldve been reliant for a male breadwinner. Williams highlights the concept of new versus the old in the play and Blanche herself is symbolic of old values and the feudalist epoch. She represents a system where there is hierarchical structure based on status that is achieved through family reputation. Blanche is a relic of the old south, the America that was beginning to fad away. This is revealed through Blanches expectation for her sister when she asks You have a maid, dont you? implying that in Belle Reeve the DeBois wouldve been familiar to a life where privileges like maids, would be common. This concept is important in the play as it shows the constant struggle between the Old South trying to remain alive and become a part of New Orleans which is at most a part of the new Industrialised era. Her struggle to keep this part of her alive is made apparent when she states on her birthday that Stanleys commonness isnt necessary when Stanley throws food, showing that she is still trying to uphold manners and common curtsy which is lacking. If Blanche is representative of the old America, then Stanleys representative of the new line of industrial labourers. In this sense Stanley is symbolic of the new. He believes that he is equal to Blanche in terms of status, perhaps even greater due to the fact that he is referred to as the new heterogeneous worker, who work to achieve everything they possesses. He states that he is one hundred per cent American And proud of it. His suggests that his behaviour is due to the fact that he believes that he is representative of the real America whereas Blanches representation offends him as it disregards meritocracy, which leads him into saying everyman is a king. This could be to further elaborate the difference between him and Blanche as she views herself as royalty but Stanley is actually the king of the house. Williams presented the theme of fantasy versus reality into the play. This is hugely significant as we see Blanche going mental and drowning herself in her lies and fantasies to a point where shes lost control of her mind. It is obvious that Blanche prefers her fantasies and lies as she mentions I dont want realism, I want magic, which could be her pursuit of chivalric hero, which she cant seem to find. It could also be the fact that she is better staying tangled within her fantasies since her past may be viewed as traumatizing; witnessing deaths, losing her love, losing Belle Reeve etc his trauma suggests that she seeks to be protected from which is even more obvious when Blanche mentions that Mitch is a cleft in the rock of the world that I can hide in. The connotations associated with rocks are that they a hard and tough which is symbolic in terms of how life is. If Blanche is symbolic of fantasy than Stella is symbolic of reality. Due to this fact there could be a possible consensus formed that Stella is more sensible than her sister. She realises immediately that Blanche and Stanley do not see eye to eye, and are both stubborn which leaves her to be the voice of reason. Immediately when things start going wrong she mentions that people have got to tolerate each others habits, she indirectly suggests that Blanche also has to get used to Stanleys habits in order for their household to be sustained. Williams has portrayed Stella as the normalising force in the play and shows and highlights her as a nurturing being especially towards Blanche. Stella symbolically is a mother figure for Blanche as she aims to protect her. Although Blanches elder than Stella, Stella still makes attempts to protect her sister since she is fully aware of her loss when younger. This could be the reason that she looks at Blanche with a Pitying look which Blanche has also noticed. She is aware of Blanches likes and dislikes and therefore stops at twenty five candles, knowing that she is insecure about her age and growing old. Although Blanche also tries to baby her little sister, through Stellas eyes it is evident that she is in the need of support, like she explains to Stanley she was tender and trusting as she was and people like you abused her. Forced her to change. This is suggestive of the fact that maybe Stella has known more than she lets on to anyone else and has made links between what she said before in the play about getting the attention of men. Baths are used as a method of cleaning and washing of dirt. Using the same aspect Williams uses baths to be symbolic of Blanche trying to rid herself of all the dirt and pain of the memories in her past. She explains that a hot bath gives her a brand new outlook on life. These baths help to cleanse herself of her odious past. Yet she is unable to erase her past and to calm her nerves and therefore her bathing is never done. This helps the audience understand the constant struggle that Blanche has to escape her regrets. Stanley takes a shower after the first poker night to soothe his violent temper in which he strikes his wife. After the shower when his temper has been erased he longingly calls out for his wife. In this aspect the shower is a system used for personality change. Williams has also cleverly incorporated another aspect in his play which is has significance. In scene seven, Blanche sings the ballad Its only a paper moon while she bathes. The song is about the way love turns the world into phony fantasy and suggests that if both lovers believe in their fantasy it is no longer make-believe. Blanche can relate to the lyrics since they sum up her approach to life. This suggests that for Blanche lying is the only means of enjoying life and therefore is harmless. Some may argue that due to this Blanche uses fantasies and lies as a self maintenance strategy. Seeing that Blanche is singing Its only a paper moon whilst bathing produces a sense of irony since Stanley and Stella and discussing Blanches sexually corrupt past. The reason for the irony is that Blanche is referring to her understanding of herself in terms of fantasy, while Stanley is focusing on Blanches past and reality. The fact that Williams juxtaposes this fact highlights it further, producing a comparison to be drawn by the audience. Alcohol is largely included in the play. There is some form of drinking in every scene but for different reasons. For Blanche it is a tool of escapism and a method which she can withdraw from harsh reality through. She also often lies about the amount of which she consumes since it doesnt fit the image of the fai ade that shes trying to pull off. Williams makes it clear that she does drink in front of people but says its to calm her nerves for example when shes about to meet Stanley, she asks for no coke due to her nerves. It seems that all Blanche ever seems to do is to lie, drink or bath. Blanche drinks due to self pity but we see Stanley who also likes to drink a lot, consumer for more social reasons. He drinks with his friends, during the poker night and to celebrate the birth of his child. But for both of them their drinking leads them to destructive paths; Stanley acting abusive and Blanche deluding herself in her fantasies. The polka music is symbolic of Blanches past. Polka music sounds, in a minor key, faint in the distance. The way that Williams has written this implies that it is sad as it is in a minor key and the distant could resemble the past. The Polka music is symbolic of the last dance between Blanche and her husband the young boy or Alan. Blanche also mentions that the polka music ends after the gunshot which refers to the death of her husband at the end of the dance. Williams has used the polka music to resemble any point in the play when Blanche is affected by the death of her husband. The fact that she hears it often indicates that she is haunted by her past. The poker game is largely significant as it takes place during the beginning of the play and at the end of the play. In the first poker game we see that Stanley is losing when Im losing you want to eat? this symbolises the arrival of Blanche and the hard times coming into the household. During the second game Stanley experiences good luck in the game but could resemble the fact that Blanches leaving and hes getting what he wants. Poker is cleverly incorporated since it is a game of bluff and at the end it seems top the audience that Blanche has run out of cards lies to tell. The symbolism used by Williams brings more emotion into the play but also bring greater meaning to the characters actions and to their emotions. Over all it is safe to conclude that the characters that Williams has constructed are complex even though the audiences are given indications to the core of them. The audience are left to decide how to categories the characters in genres of good and bad which is important since everyone has good and bad qualities. There are probably more hidden uses of symbolism in the play which arent apparent as the ones explored in this essay.

Research Paper on Maritime Technology

Research Paper on Maritime Technology Research Paper on Maritime Technology Research Paper on Maritime Technology and Environmental Regulations 1-0: Introduction Two vessels collided on august 1990 near Gibraltar in Spain resulting in a sea disaster and oil spill. Sea Spirit along with the Norwegian gas tanker collided head on causing a spill of about 8000Tons of oil. Oil contamination in the marine spread far, even reaching the Moroccan coast in form of cakes, tar balls, and oil packs. Similar to this disaster is the major oil spill that occurred on July in 1979 near Trinidad and Tobago caused by the Atlantic Empress. The spill allegedly resulted in the largest oil spill of 287,000Metric tons of oil ever to be recorded. The disaster was never totally remedied since during pull away from the scene, the tanker continued to spill an additional substantial amount of oil. Conversely, the Aegean Captain also leaked large amount of oil. Some moments later on, Atlantic Empress sank deeply with its cargo remaining solidified. However, the spill from the two ships never reached the shores of the ocean. 2-0: Similarities 2-1: Similarities in environmental effects In terms of ecological contamination, Both Sea Spirit and Atlantic Empress caused major impacts on sea animal and plant life. Sea birds became highly affected dipping the insulating capacity among such animals. Birds became highly vulnerable to temperature changes and less buoyant in water. The two oil spills contributed to huge impairments and disabilities related to flight in aquatic birds (Horn and Neal 2006, para 3). In fact, species found it hard to escape from predators. Research shows that the spillage especially from the Atlantic Empress led to the ingestion of oil by birds and covering on their feathers. This caused kidney damage, digestive system problems, as well as liver functionality among the victimized animals. The two disasters also attracted scientists who wanted to explore the far-reaching effects of oil spill on both human and marine life. Marine scientist realized that the disasters caused metabolic problems and dehydration to birds of the sea. Sea animals with a lot of fur were also affected in related ways as well. Sea spirit oil spill and Atlantic Empress oil disaster caused massive deaths of animals, fish, and birds. 2-2: Global reaction The two incidents caused severe damaging effects on archaeological, highs include shorelines, ports, marine sanctuaries, and natural reserves. Immense losses were also realized in connection to these effects. Tourist and recreational activities were in jeopardy as the major hospitality operations became seriously affected. The two oil spills also share similarity in the manner as evidenced by way of world’s response to the resulting disastrous effects. Many governments raised environmental concerns and documented procedures to curtail the disaster. For instance, in the case of Atlantic Empress, the U.S government played a paramount role in guaranteeing that the disaster was duly controlled to avoid further loss of life on the vulnerable sea creatures. Similarly, in 1990 during the Sea Spirit disaster, the government of Spain became responsible for the spillage and undertook measures to ensure that no more environmental issues were coming up as a result of the spillage (Horn and Neal 2006, para 3). Again, the two accidents resulted in the enactment of strict laws governing oil transportation in the sea. For example, during the case of the Atlantic Empress, the U.S government implemented laws to ensure that any ship transporting oil across the sea or ocean must be fully insured. The cover is intended to cover expenses and environmental losses associated with oil spill. Nation states affected by the two oil spills reacted with some degree of apprehension especially on matters of environment. For example, the Atlantic Empress oil spill caused uproar among the affected countries. Both oil spills reached the shoreline of countries that raised an alarm regarding the matter of clean up, avoidance as well as control on the same. 2-3: Clean up strategies Measures employed by the two incidents to clean up the mess were similar. Both incidents used Vacuum and centrifuge process whereby oil is sucked up plus water. Then there is the utilization of appropriate centrifuge to separate water from oil. This technique allows the ship to be virtually filled by pure oil. In this case, water returns to the sea. This process was particularly used in the oil spill of 1979 and equally applied in the Sea Spirit oil spill disaster in early1990. However, there is extremely small quantity of oil that spilt back to the sea. This crisis has restricted the use of centrifuges because U.S regime has prohibited oil by volume that is usually returned to the sea with water. Booms were also used in both incidents to clean up the oil spill. Booms are big floating obstacles that prevent oil by rounding up the oil and separating it from water. Skimmers that skim the oil were also utilized in separating all oils from water in the Atlantic Empress and Sea Spirit inc idents (ITOPFL 2010, para 2). Using of biological agents that break down oil into biodegradable composites has been used expansively in major oil spill. Experts insinuated this as the single safe and most importantly effective approach that is likely to eradicate a considerable amount of oil without posing any dangerous effects to animal, fish, or any aquatic and bird life. For instance, Bioremediation was a widespread attribute in the two accidents. It entails the employment of hydrophobic substance that has no bacteria. The compound binds chemically and physically on soluble hydrocarbon compounds. The Bioremediation compound acts as a herding substance inside, and most importantly on water surface. This results in floating elements on the surface of water plus the soluble substances like phenols which form a gel-like substance. Spraying the oil spill with the compound eliminates the oil molecules in a very short time. Specific bacteria dissolve hydrocarbons into carbon-dioxide and water. Another approach that w as used to contain the spill is control burning. Control burning is typically applied during low windy day as it may spread to other areas causing more damage during windy seasons. The two disasters also forced the experts to use vacuum in eliminating oil from water surfaces and equally in the beaches (ITOPF 2010, para 4). 2-4: Prevention Another striking likeness between the resulting two disasters is the manner in which offshore oil spill was prevented and addressed. Technological evaluation and procedures were employed to guarantee that all strategies as well as measures during training, monitoring, and reliable plans for avoidance and offshore control were met. In the two accidents, response involved technological monitoring of devices along with methods of cleaning up the spill. Other measures included detection, control, averting, as well as restoration of the habitats and natural environments (ITOPF 2010, para 6). In reaction to Atlantic Empress oil spill, the U.S. government used blow out preventer for well drilling. The equipment is effectively employed in offshore wells and contains a bundle of independently operated cutoff processes, thus there is redundancy if any failure occurs. The device is suitable for deep eater horizon. Another prevention mechanism that was seen in the 1990 Sea Spirit accident is the use of the Casing device. This is usually a set of nested metal pipes made of steel and embedded on the ship walls. Both split ends of the apparatus are suspended by a thin adapter in lower end of the casing. If the sole casing or at times the cement fails to work, the oil will continue spilling (ITOPF 2010, para 6). 3-0: Differences 3-1: Volume of spill A remarkable disparity between the two catastrophes is evidenced by the resulting volume of spill. For example, Atlantic Empress resulted in a spill of about 280,000Tons while Sea Spirit reporting enormous 8,000Tons of oil. This further does indicate that the sizes of the two vessels or tankers also varied greatly. Atlantic Empress spilled oil twice in the process of being removed from the sea while the Sea Spirit spilled oil only once. This also translates into a difference in the area covered by the spill. Apparently, the Atlantic Empress oil spill led to the coverage of a huge area while the Sea Spirit just covered a relatively small area. Additionally, the number of all affected species was proportional to the spill. Because the Atlantic Empress oil spill was very huge, it means that the number of species affected was also large (Egawhary 2011, para 2). 3-2: Effects on tourism activities Atlantic Empress accident had major effects on leisure activities such as tourism. Most of the shores that were used by tourists as areas of recreation became highly polluted and inaccessible due to oil spill. Notwithstanding the attempt by the then regime to control the spread or reach of the alleged spill, the losses incurred were very huge and had enormous negative significance on the economy. Converse to this, the latter catastrophe that occurred in year 1990 had minimal effects on recreational activities because the spread was easily controlled. Ease of control is related to the quantity of the entire spill. It is perceptible that the first spill that happened in 1979 was larger than the one that happened in 1990. Consequently, this is the rationale why the economic effects in terms of tourism became great in the first accident (Fleming 2010, p.23). 3-3: Clean up expenses The practice of clearing out was very pricey with outcome of the twin catastrophes resulting to immense impacts on the budgets of the responsible countries. For example, the Atlantic express incident resulted in the loss of millions in U.S. dollars in mitigating the resulting effects. Alternatively, the little quantity of oil that spilled in year 1990 by Sea Spirit consumed less money. This disparity is connected to the alleged volume of the tanker and the consignment in it. The personnel employed to clear-out the spill also showed a remarkable difference. It is obvious that Atlantic Empress employed more people and certified environmentalist to clean up the entire spill, whilst executing other logistical matters (Fleming 2010, p.23). 3-4: Shoreline effects Shoreline effects of the two accidents also differed greatly. This is primarily premised on the degree in ease on cleanup procedures for the entire oil spill. The bigger the spill, the larger the shoreline affected and the opposite is also true. The spill that resulted from the Atlantic Empress affected a larger part of the entire seashore and also persisted for an extended duration compared to the effects caused by Sea Spirit. Also, the sensitivity of the shoreline depends on the exposure of the spill. Floating oil makes the shoreline be at certain risks through sealing of the substrate with oil packs. Atlantic Empress oil spill resulted in the casing of the substrate at the very shoreline because of the huge spread. Difference in substrate among the various types of shorelines differed in their reaction to oiling processes. There was also a huge discrepancy on shoreline productivity. For example, all animals living on the shoreline were severely affected by the Atlantic Empress oil spill as opposed to Sea Spirit disaster (NOAA 2010, para 2). 3-5: Global reaction The world reaction to the two oil spills differed greatly with the Atlantic Empress oil spill facing a lot of criticism from other nations (Egawhary 2011, para 2). This is attributed to the volume and the area covered by the spillage. Tough measures were put in place by international community to ensure that the country that owned the consignment became totally answerable and responsible for the spillage. Such policies negatively affected the budget of U.S because a lot of money was used in the cleanup process. Sanctions also became the order of the day by other countries wanting the responsible parties to own up to their actions. The 1990 oil spill resulted in major sanctions being made in Spain’s oil industry. Also, losses became huge with economies of the country affected becoming fragile due to the expenditure. The economy of U.S became badly affected especially by the Atlantic Empress oil spill. Countries that depended on U.S for aid also became involved in the process and supported the country from criticism. There was increase in tension between countries that supported the U.S and those against. In contrary to this, little was heard about Spain in terms of global reaction regarding the 1990 oil spill. The difference comes out clearly here because of the perception that U.S was economically strong and it was suppose to address its problems single handedly (Egawhary 2011, para 2). 3-6: Prevention and control Main differences linking the two calamities also appear in terms of prevention and control. Atlantic Empress accident that occurred in year 1979 is illustrated by little technological practices in terms of cleanup and prevention. This is because of the poor technological skills that were available by then. Nearly all of the cleaning procedures were manual and took quite longer time to finish. Several devices employed in this particular incident were slow and time consuming. In contrary, the technology at disposal had significantly improved a little bit in 1990 during the resulting spill near Spain by Sea Spirit. The cleanup process of spill from Sea Spirit took a comparatively short time owing to the highly effective devices that were used. Sea Spirit oil spill cleaning process was also faster because the team that worked had much familiarity compared to the clean-up team that controlled the Atlantic Empress oil spill (ITOPF 2010, para 3). 3-7: Environmental effects There is a significant difference in environmental effects of the two accidents. The First accident which happened in 1979 which involved the Atlantic Empress covered a very big area causing massive environmental problem both to human and animal life. Aquatic species such as birds and fish became severely affected and most of them died because of pollution. Most of the terrestrial animals also died in huge numbers because they relied on sea food for their lives. The food chain was interrupted with animals that depended on sea food dying of hunger. Contrary to this, the accident that happened in 1990 had less negative impacts on the environment. This is because the oil spill did not spread over a large area and was also controlled easily (ITOPF 2010, para 5). Sea plants also became badly damaged by the Atlantic empress accident, whereas the 1990 collision had less negative effects on sea plants. Many scientists became attracted to the major incident and they managed to study intensively and came up with conclusions that greatly influenced the way of life of sea creatures. As a result of the first accident, policies were enacted to ensure that oil spillage in future is approached with a lot of caution. This is because of the double spillage that happened during the prevention process. It is clear that the Sea Spirit oil spill was controlled in a more professional way than the first one (ITOPF 2010, para 6). 4-0: Conclusion: Measures To deal With Oil Spills Oil spills are generally harmful to living things. Many sea and terrestrial species die in enormous numbers basically owing to unfortunate outcomes instigated by inevitable oil spills. If measures are not put in place to address this problem, the world risk losing very important species that could have otherwise contributed to biological diversity. From the debate above, it appears that oil spills have far-reaching effects including economic, recreational, and even social problems among the countries involved. Misinterpretation can possibly arise between the countries that are involved in the spill hence likely to result in wars. To reduce oil spills as a result of collision in future, numerous steps and measures need to be put in place. First, the governments should ensure that preventive mechanisms such as the ones mentioned above work well so that the spread is controlled. Oil companies should also endeavor to avail suitable training on tanker’s handler personnel. Incompete nt ship Captains can cause catastrophe that can potentially result in major oil spills. Handling of any oil spill cases in future can equally be addressed through continuous monitoring of ship movement in the sea. Stringent measures must instituted by modern oil firms to ensure that the ships ferrying oil across the sea are monitored by skilled individuals and provide information to captains about other approaching ships that are likely to cause collisions. Technology also plays a vital role in reduction of oil spills resulting from undue collision. Oil corporations should embrace the appropriate technologies that will ultimately lead to the reduction of oil spill cases in the sea during transportation. Such technologies include modern equipment used to detect approaching tankers or even ships that are likely to cause any crash and avoid such collisions. The captains of the tankers should be in a position to clearly see the approaching tankers using the binoculars or any device that can assist in seeing the approaching ship. Also, there should be intergovernmental treat ies that ensure good management and transportation of oil products. This will make sure that no one country is left alone to handle challenges related to oil spill, but rather assisted by the regimes that are deemed capable in terms of technology as well as finance in availing the necessary assistance. You can buy research papers online at . Our custom writing company with writing your research paper on Maritime and Environmental topics. High quality guaranteed!

Cultural Awareness Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Cultural Awareness - Essay Example Understanding the Arab culture remains a fundamental element which could ensure that the entire world gains factual information regarding Arabic practices. Some of the misconceptions have resulted in the Arab world becoming associated with the elements of terrorism occurring around the world. The human terrain system which has been adopted by the United States’ military seeks to utilise social science practices in understanding the cultural practices of Arabs4. The implementation of this programme could be essential in enabling the western world to change the common misconceptions held by the populations regarding the Arab world. The growing political tension between the western and Arab world could become eased through the findings of these anthropological researches. The concept plays a fundamental role in increasing Arab cultural awareness through enhanced cultural knowledge of the populations residing in the Arab world5. Involvement of anthropologists within the programme can also enhance the understanding of the western culture by the